The empirical observations referring to diseases or dysfunctions of the nervous system, although few, seem to be worth reviewing. These are practical treaties with little explanation of the underlying pathology (a primitive theory of the 'flow' of humors, involving the flowing of different malignant entities) within a system of magic and religion. There are fourteen medical papyrus scrolls, in varying states of conservation, mostly corresponding to the Middle Empire, but containing references to the Ancient Empire (the period of the pyramids). Papyrus scrolls are the main source of information about medical activities. The civilization of Ancient Egypt included a long period of almost three millenniums, and is the most interesting example of the so-called pretechnical archaic cultures. This article is dedicated to those individuals who have devoted their lives and work to the advancement of the field of plastic surgery for the benefit of mankind.

Although repair of nasal injuries is the oldest form of reconstructive surgery, being cited in Egyptian papyrus inscriptions such as the Edwin Smith Papyrus dating back to 2500 to 3000 BC, its complexity continues to challenge surgeons today. Since Roe introduced the concept of cosmetic rhinoplasty, the evolution of nasal reconstructive techniques has reached such a level that the expectation is not only to restore form and function, but also to achieve excellent cosmetic appearance. The story of rhinoplasty is one of peaks of achievement by individuals such as Sushruta, Branca, Tagliocozzi, Roe, and Joseph. The authors present the story of nasal reconstruction, including those contributions not often cited in the English literature using articles sourced from MEDLINE, ancient manuscripts, original quotes, techniques, and illustrations. The objective of this article was to give a succinct and interesting account of the development of nasal reconstruction from antiquity to the present day. The nose is the central and most prominent feature on the human face and on its shape, size, and appearance depends the relative facial beauty of the person. Whitaker, Iain S Karoo, Richard O Spyrou, George Fenton, Oliver M The birth of plastic surgery: the story of nasal reconstruction from the Edwin Smith Papyrus to the twenty-first century. Although patient demographics, diagnostic techniques and therapeutic options considerably changed over time, the documented rationale on spinal injuries can still be regarded as the state-of-the-art reasoning for modern clinical practice. Based on a recent â€œmedically based translationâ€ of the Smith papyrus, its enclosed treasures in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic reasoning are revisited. the Edwin Smith papyrus is a unique treatise containing the oldest known descriptions of signs and symptoms of injuries of the spinal column and spinal cord. The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuriesĭating from the seventeenth century b.c.

Edwin smith papyrus author